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DARPA X-Plane Air-Burst Technology Delayed to 2025

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  Published in Science and Technology on Thursday, November 20th 2025 at 14:43 GMT by Defense News

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DARPA’s “Air‑Burst” X‑Plane Faces Two‑Year Flight Delay

In a surprising turn that will set back a cutting‑edge stealth program, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has announced that its experimental X‑Plane, a small unmanned aircraft that steers itself using bursts of compressed air, will not be flight‑ready until 2025. The delay, which stretches the original schedule by two years, comes after the agency’s Office of Advanced Concepts and several university partners revealed a series of technical hurdles that have forced a reassessment of the project’s testing timeline.

What the X‑Plane Is Trying to Do

The DARPA X‑Plane, formally dubbed the “Steer‑With‑Air‑Burst (SWAB) X‑Plane,” is a testbed for a new class of aircraft propulsion and control systems that forego traditional jet engines in favor of a highly efficient, low‑signature air‑burst mechanism. Instead of using fuel‑burning thrust, the aircraft’s lightweight air‑burst thrusters inject high‑pressure air into a series of small nozzles, creating localized jets that can be pulsed at precise intervals. By controlling the direction and timing of these bursts, the aircraft can alter its trajectory without any moving parts typical of conventional aircraft.

The promise of this approach is threefold:

1. Reduced Radar Cross‑Section (RCS): Because the system relies on compressed air rather than fuel combustion, it produces far fewer infrared and radar signatures—making the aircraft harder to detect.
2. Extremely Low Weight and Complexity: With no large combustion chambers or heavy propellants, the SWAB X‑Plane could be far lighter and cheaper to produce, allowing DARPA to field many units for rapid prototyping.
3. New Flight Regimes: The air‑burst system is expected to give the aircraft exceptional agility in high‑altitude, high‑speed flight, potentially enabling it to perform roles such as rapid cargo delivery, sensor deployment, or low‑observable patrol.

DARPA’s own press release framed the SWAB X‑Plane as the next logical step after its earlier X‑programs—most notably the X‑50 “Aerosonde” and the X‑59 “Bubbles.” In those projects, DARPA tested new aerodynamic shapes and stealth technologies; the SWAB X‑Plane takes the concept further by removing combustion from the equation entirely.

Why the Two‑Year Delay?

The agency cited “integration challenges” and the need for more extensive ground testing as primary reasons for postponing the first flight. In an interview with Defense News, DARPA’s lead engineer, Dr. Maria Gonzales, said that the thrust produced by the air‑burst system was consistently lower than the simulated values in the design models.

“While the theoretical calculations were promising, when we built the first prototype, the burst duration and nozzle efficiency were off by a significant margin,” Gonzales explained. “We realized we needed to redesign the nozzle geometry and improve the air‑compression cycle. That takes time.”

Other issues include:

• Material Durability: The rapid, high‑pressure bursts create extreme thermal and mechanical stresses on the thruster housing. The initial material choices were insufficiently resilient, leading to fatigue in the first few test runs.
• Control System Calibration: The aircraft’s guidance algorithms rely on real‑time sensor data to adjust burst timing. Early trials revealed latency in the onboard inertial measurement units (IMUs), requiring a hardware upgrade and algorithm refinement.
• Regulatory Hurdles: Testing the X‑Plane in high‑altitude flight regimes requires coordination with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The new propulsion system, which emits high‑pressure gas plumes, fell into a regulatory gray area that DARPA had to clarify.

DARPA’s response was to add a “software‑in‑the‑loop” simulation phase and to conduct a series of ground‑based burst tests that will extend until early 2024. Once the ground‑testing phase proves the system’s reliability, DARPA plans to proceed with a “flight‑ready” milestone set for late 2024, giving a 2025 operational flight window.

What This Means for the Defense Community

The delay has already had ripple effects. The DARPA X‑Plane is part of a broader effort to develop low‑observable, autonomous aircraft that can operate in contested airspace. Many branches of the U.S. military—including the Air Force, Navy, and Army—have expressed interest in the SWAB concept for roles such as decoy operations, electronic warfare, and rapid reconnaissance.

“While the timeline is longer than we hoped, the core technology remains sound,” said a spokesperson for the U.S. Air Force’s Air Combat Command. “We’re eager to see how DARPA’s findings could translate into operational platforms, especially in environments where traditional jets are vulnerable.”

The program’s partners—University of Michigan’s Aerospace Engineering Department, Lockheed Martin’s Advanced Tactical Systems Group, and a small but growing cohort of startup companies—are reportedly doubling down on the research. The university, in particular, is leveraging its existing compressed‑air propulsion research to refine the nozzle designs. Lockheed Martin is contributing advanced flight control software that can handle the unique burst‑driven dynamics.

Looking Ahead

DARPA’s next public update is scheduled for Q1 2024, when the agency will release preliminary data from the ground‑testing phase. Should the revised air‑burst system meet the required thrust levels and demonstrate reliable control, the agency will announce a new timeline for the aircraft’s maiden flight. The broader DARPA community, which has always embraced risk‑taking, remains hopeful that the SWAB X‑Plane will ultimately deliver a new paradigm in unmanned flight.

In the meantime, the two‑year delay underscores the inherent uncertainty in pushing the boundaries of aerospace technology. For now, stakeholders will be watching closely to see whether the promise of a low‑signature, air‑burst‑steered aircraft can survive the rigors of real‑world testing—and whether the extended schedule will ultimately pay off in the form of a transformative defense platform.